The Past Few Days
Hmm...so, Liana and I are okay now...I was really scared at first that she was going to be really mad at me. Yay! Now I am campaigning her and Ben for President and Vice president. I bought some posters and stuff...its gonna be awesome. I'm working on it with Heather. I'll give ya updates on that later!I have so many things to say, but I can't remember anything that happened yesterday! I went to church on Wednesday. I was so happy to see Kaleb! I won't get to see him this weekend because I am going to Dad's.
Wednesday night Mom was annoying me so bad. After church was over we went straight home because, listen to this, because George called her, in service, mad because she didn't have his food out for him! Is it that hard to get your own food?! No. I asked Mom, "Doesn't George know how to use a microwave?" And she was like, "That isn't the piont Muriel, church is over and we need to get home." I understand that church is over and its time to go home. And I understand that George wants a meal when he gets home because he does work a 14 hour job, but in the middle of a church service?! When he knows where she is? Plus, I know there is tons of food in our house. It isn't that hard once a week to make your own meal. He doesn't even come home every night! Grr... Why would someone let themselves be control like that? I never want to be in a relationship like that...
Anyway, the Spyware is still on my computer...I think my mom is trying to blame it on me. I know its not MY fault...stuff happens, come on. What can you do? Nothing. Omg, yesterday Mom freaked out about one of the kids leaving a yogurt on the table. It was in the box. I remembered walking in and seeing it and I asked Gavin, "Are all the yogurts gone already?" (We just got those yesterday!) And he said yes. Then I sat down to watch a movie. I told Mom that and she was like, "We didn't you throw the box away then?!" Then she was even more mad. Then she asked me again and I was just like, "I'm just stupid Mom. I don't know." Then she was like, yelling some more. I mean, what am I supposed to say?! Why do people forget to do things? Because they forget...there is no REASON. We're just stupid like that. Parents make no sense.
I talked to Ben last night...it seems like all my best friends aren't even important any more...well, not unimportant...just, it seems like we don't even talk anymore! I guess we just don't have anything to say...this computer is going so slow its annoying! Grr...
Yesterday I went for a walk. It is so pretty outside. I wish I had a camera...the awesome purple trees and blue wildflowers. I went down to the train tracks. I think I'm gonna make that my little 'secret' place. Its so awesome. So succluded. I tried to draw a tree...but I don't think it looked that good. Well, I guess thats all thats happened. Cya!
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CHAPTER 15 NOTES - BIOLOGY
Chapter 15 Natural Selection and the Evidence for Evolution
I. Charles Darwin and Natural Selection
A. Fossils Shape ideas about evolution
1. Fossils found give clues to what was in the past.
2. Fossils are of once living things, no longer living.
3. Fossils can connect to present day organisms.
B. Darwin on HMS Beagle
1. 1831 Naturalist on the ship HMS Beagle sailing to South America and South Pacific for 5 year journey.
2. Studied and collected specimens at each port. Looked for relationships.
C. Darwin in the Galopagos
1. Unique species on the island similar to others, but had special adaptations.
2. Possible changes over time.
D. Darwin continues his studies
1. 22 years to explain
2. pigeon breeding experiments on survival
3. Artificial slection - breeding of organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.
E. Darwin Explains Natural Selection
1. A mechanism for change in populations occurs when organisms with certain variations survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to the next generation.
2. Wrote the book On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection 1859
F. Interpreting Evidence After Darwin.
1. Hard to decipher evolutionary processes occurring over millions of years.
2. Contradictions to faith.
3. CHANGE OVER TIME
II. Adaptations: Evidence for Evolution
A. Structural Adaptations Arise Over Time
1. Defense mechanisms - chemicals, claws, thorns,
2. Mimicry - structural adaptation allowing one species to resemble another.
3. Camouflage - enables a species to blend with its surroundings.
B. Physiological Adaptations can develop rapidly
1. Bacterial resistance to penicillin
2. Changes in an organisms metabolic processes.
III. Other Evidence for Evolution
A. Fossils
1. Provide record of early life and evolutionary history
2. Piece together information found in rocks
B. Anatomy
1. Homologous structures - structural features with common evolutionary origin.
2. Similar in arrangement, in function, or in both.
3. Analogous Structures - body parts of organisms that DO NOT have common evolutionary origin, but are similar in function.
4. Vestigial Structure - a body structure that has no function in present day organism but was useful to an ancestor. Examples: eyes of blind mole rats and cave fish. Wings of Ostrich
C. Embryology
1. The earliest stage of growth and development are very similar for many organisms.
2. Gill Slits and Tails of embryos
D. Biochemistry
1. Comparisons of DNA or RNA of differenct species
2. Can divide all species into 3 Domains: Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota
IV. Mechanisms of Evolution
A. Population Genetics
1. Populations, not individuals, evolve
a. All the genes of a population of individuals make up the populations genes.
b. Evolution occurs as a populations genes and their frequencies change over time.
c. Gene pool - all of the alleles in the populations genes together.
d. Allelic Frequency - percentage of any specific allele in the gene pool.
e. Genetic Equlibrium - the frequency of alleles remains the same over generations.
2. Changes in genetic equilibrium
a. A population in equilibrium is not evolving.
b. Mutations from environmental factors cause changes in genetics.
c. Genetic Drift - another mechanism to disrupt equilibrium by alteration of allelic frequencies by chance events.
d. Movement of individuals into or out of the gene pool.
e. Natural Selection is the largest factor affecting.
3. Natural Selection acts on variations
a. 3 types of natural Selection acting on variation are:
1. Stabilizing - favors average individuals in a population. "Selected For"
2. Directional - favors one extreme variation of a trait over another.
3. Disruptive - Either extreme of a trait are selected.
B. The Evolution of Species
1. Speciation - the evolution of a new species when members of similar populations no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
2. Physical barriers can prevent interbreeding.
3. Geographic isolation - a physical barrier divides a population.
4. Reproductive Isolation - formerly interbreeding organisms can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring. Different mating seasons, genetic material is too different.
C. Change in chromosome
1. Polyploidy - multiple of the normal set of chromosomes.
2. Mistakes in mitosis or meiosis
D. Speciation can occur quickly or slowly
1. Gradualism - species originate through a gradual change of adaptations.
2. Punctuated Equilibrium - relatively quick speciation in rapid bursts with long equilibrium between the bursts. Env. Changes
V. Patterns of Evolution
A. Diversity in new environments
1. Adaptive Radiation - AN ancestral species evolves into an array of species to fit a number of diverse habitats.
2. Divergent evolution - the pattern of evolution in which species that once were similar to an ancestral species diverge, or become distinct. Adaptations to different environmental conditions change.
B. Different Species can look alike
1. Convergent evolution - unrelated species occupy similar environments in different parts of the world.
I don't know if you use 'Natalie' to hide your identity or whatever, but to let you know if you do: you reveal yourself like, 3 or 4 times in your journal.
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